Method for Concentrating Oxygen Isotope or Isotopes

ABSTRACT

The method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes of the present invention combines the step of concentrating  17 O and/or the step of depleting  18 O that utilizes photodissociation of ozone by a laser beam with an oxygen distillation step that concentrates the oxygen isotope. At this time, it is preferable to carry out a step of isotope scrambling in addition to the above. When both a step of concentrating  17 O and a step of depleting  18 O are carried out, whichever thereof may be done first prior to the other. Also these steps may be placed either before or after the oxygen distillation step. Moreover, at least one of said oxygen distillation step, the concentrating  17 O step, the depleting  18 O step and the isotope scrambling step is preferably carried out twice or more.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for efficiently concentrating a stable oxygen isotope ¹⁷O that has extremely low abundance to a high concentration by combining laser isotope separation utilizing photodissociation of ozone by a laser beam and separation by distillation, and to a method for efficiently concentrating ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O simultaneously.

Priority is claimed on Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-236499, filed in Japan on Aug. 17, 2005, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND ART

Among the stable oxygen isotopes 160, ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O is the only one that has nuclear spin. For this reason, compounds labeled with ¹⁷O have been used for research purposes such as structural analysis by means of nuclear magnetic resonance, and used as a tracer in such fields as chemistry and medicine. They are also considered useful in medicine as the material to manufacture the diagnostic agent ¹⁸FDG (PET contrast medium made by labeling fluorodeoxyglucose with a fluorine 18 radioactive isotope having a positron-emitting nuclide) used in positron emission tomography diagnosis (PET) of tumors and other anomalies.

While ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O are useful isotopes for industrial purposes, they exist in extremely low abundance in nature. Therefore, in order to use the isotope in practical application, ¹⁷O and/or ¹⁸O must be concentrated from compounds that include oxygen atoms.

As the conventional method for concentrating ¹⁷O, for example, the following conventional methods have been known.

There is a method of distilling water as the starting material so as to concentrate ¹⁷O up to 25 atom %, and then concentrating it to 90 atom % by thermal diffusion (Non-Patent Document 1). Another method uses nitrogen monoxide (NO) as the starting material and distils it to concentrate ¹⁷O, and then uses thermal diffusion to concentrate ¹⁷O to a high concentration (for example, 40 atom %) (Non-Patent Document 4). Another method uses oxygen as the starting material and distills it to concentrate ¹⁷O to 10 atom % (Patent Document 1). Another method employs photopredissociation of formaldehyde by means of irradiation with a Ne ion laser so as to concentrate ¹⁷O (Non-Patent Document 2, Patent Documents 5 and 6). There are also such methods as ozone is irradiated with visible light and ultraviolet rays (Non-Patent Document 3) and a semiconductor laser is used to separate ozone molecules that include ¹⁷O by photodissociation, thereby to enrich ¹⁷O in oxygen (Non-Patent Documents 2, 3 and 4).

-   [Patent Document 1] International Publication No. WO00/27509 -   [Patent Document 2] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First     Publication No. 2004-261776 -   [Patent Document 3] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First     Publication No. 2005-040668 -   [Patent Document 4] International Publication No. WO2004/078325 -   [Patent Document 5] U.S. Pat. No. 4,029,559 -   [Patent Document 6] U.S. Pat. No. 4,029,558 -   [Non-Patent Document 1] I. Dostrovsky: “The production of stable     isotope of oxygen”, Analytical Chemistry Symposium Series pp.     693-702 (1982) -   [Non-Patent Document 2] Jack Marling: “Isotope separation of     oxygen-17, oxygen-18, carbon-13 and deuterium by ion laser induced     formaldehyde photopredissociation”, The Journal of Chemical Physics,     Vol. 66, No. 9, pp. 4200-4225 (1977) -   [Non-Patent Document 3] J. Wen and Mark H. Thiemens: “Experimental     and theoretical study of isotope effects on ozone decomposition”, J.     Geophysical Research, Vol. 96, No. D6, pp. 10911-10921 (1991) -   [Non-Patent Document 4] McInteer, B. B.; Potter, Robert M.: “Nitric     oxide distillation plant for isotope separation”, Ind. Eng. Chem.,     Process Design Develop., 4(1), 35-42 (1965)

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

The method described in Non-Patent Document 1 has such a problem that there is an upper limit of several atomic percentage points on the practically achievable concentration of ¹⁷O when yield is taken into consideration. The method described in Non-Patent Document 4 has such a problem that ¹⁷O-enriched H₂O and O₂, that are manufactured by this method of concentration and are commercially available, have insufficient levels of concentration.

The methods described in Non-Patent Document 2 and Patent Documents 5 and 6 also provide insufficient levels of concentration and have not developed enough to establish technologies that can be implemented on an industrial scale.

According to the method described in Non-Patent Document 3, although ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O are concentrated in residual ozone and the isotope effect of ozone decomposition can be confirmed, such a level of concentration that can be utilized in the separation of an isotope cannot be achieved. Also, technologies that can be implemented on an industrial scale have not been established.

The methods described in Patent Documents 2, 3 and 4, on the other hand, are promising in view of industrial application. With these methods, however, the absorption wavelength regions, in which various ozone molecules with different oxygen isotopes absorb a laser beam, overlap each other. Therefore, an attempt to selectively dissociate only the ozone molecules that include ¹⁷O by means of a laser beam inadvertently causes the ozone isotope molecules such as ¹⁶O₃ having higher abundance to dissociate at the same time, particularly in the case where the abundances of ozone molecules that include ¹⁷O are lower. Thus, it is difficult to efficiently concentrate ¹⁷O.

The method described in Patent Document 1 will be described in more detail below in relation to the present invention.

All isotope molecules that include either ¹⁶O, ¹⁷O or ¹⁸O have vapor pressures (boiling points) that are very approximate to each other. An isotope molecule that includes ¹⁷O is an intermediate component between an isotope molecule that includes ¹⁶O and an isotope molecule that includes ¹⁸O (an isotope molecule that includes ¹⁷O has a vapor pressure or a boiling point of an intermediate value between those of an isotope molecule that includes ¹⁶O and an isotope molecule that includes ¹⁸O). Natural abundance of ¹⁷O is about 370 atomppm, lower than that of ¹⁸O that is 2000 atomppm. As a result, it is difficult to efficiently achieve a high concentration (for example, 5 atom % or higher) of ¹⁷O by the method of concentrating ¹⁷O by distillation as disclosed in Patent Document 1. This problem will be described below in more detail by way of example.

FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram of a distillation column 1 used to increase the concentration of isotope ¹⁷O or ¹⁸O by distilling a compound that includes an oxygen atom and/or atoms (for example, H₂O, NO, O₂, etc.). In practice, it is common to carry out a series of distillation operations by using an apparatus including a plurality of distillation columns connected in cascade, since the height (theoretical plates) of the distillation column is often required to be very large. However, the step will be described here using a constitution of a single distillation column for the purpose of clarity.

A starting material F (for example, H₂O, NO, O₂, etc.) that includes oxygen isotopes of natural abundance shown in Table 1 is fed to the distillation column 1 at an intermediate point near the top-thereof, and a product P1 enriched in ¹⁷O or ¹⁸O is drawn from the bottom of the column. In addition to the product P1, another product P2 enriched in ¹⁷O or ¹⁸O may also be drawn from an intermediate position of the column located near the bottom than the point of feeding the starting material F. Waste gas W depleted in ¹⁷O or ¹⁸O in comparison to the starting material F is discharged from the top.

TABLE 1 Isotope Atomic mass Abundance ¹⁶O 16 0.99759 ¹⁷O 17 0.00037 ¹⁸O 18 0.00204

In the case where ¹⁷O is concentrated at the bottom of the distillation column 1 and the product P1 is drawn from the bottom, concentrations of different isotopes are distributed in the distillation column roughly as shown in FIG. 23. Concentrations (atom %) of the oxygen isotopes are plotted along the vertical axis and the height in the distillation column is plotted along the horizontal axis. The same applies to the other graphs of concentration. The concentration of ¹⁷O in the product P1 is roughly in a range from 0.2 to 5 atom %, although it depends on the height (theoretical plates) of the distillation column. In the case shown in FIG. 23, the concentration of ¹⁷O in the product P1 is about 1 atom %.

In order to achieve a high concentration (for example, 5 atom % or higher) of ¹⁷O, a larger height (more theoretical plates) of the distillation column is required. In a distillation column having a larger height, as illustrated in FIG. 24, ¹⁸O that has a higher boiling point than ¹⁷O is concentrated to a high concentration near the bottom, so that ¹⁷O has such a concentration distribution that is low near the bottom and has a peak in the intermediate portion of the column. That is, the inner space of the distillation column 1 may be divided into a section A ranging from the starting material F feeding position to the ¹⁷O-enriched product P2 drawing position in which the concentration of ¹⁷O is high, and a section B ranging from the ¹⁷O-enriched product P2 drawing position to the ¹⁸O-enriched product P1 drawing position in which the concentration of ¹⁸O is high. In order to obtain a high concentration (for example, 5 atom % or higher) of ¹⁸O at the ¹⁷O-enriched product P2 drawing position, the section A and section B must have very large vertical length which makes this method of concentration industrially impractical.

Moreover, the distillation step requires hold-up of a large quantity of liquid within the apparatus due to the principle of operation. As a result, a period as long as several years is required in startup of the apparatus in order to concentrate ¹⁷O, of which natural abundance is about 370 ppm at the most, to a high concentration (for example, 5 atom % or higher).

For the reasons described above, it may well be said that concentration of ¹⁷O to a high concentration (for example, 8 atom % or higher) merely by distillation is impractical as an industrial step.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide a method for concentrating ¹⁷O which is capable of concentrating ¹⁷O, which is a stable isotope of oxygen having an extremely low abundance, to a high concentration efficiently on an industrially viable scale. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for concentrating ¹⁷O to a high concentration while concentrating ¹⁸O at the same time.

To solve the object described above,

a first aspect of the present invention provides a method for concentrating an oxygen isotope including concentrating the oxygen isotope through distillation of oxygen; and concentrating oxygen isotope ¹⁷O through photodissociation of ozone.

The method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes of the present invention preferably includes carrying out isotope scrambling.

The method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes of the present invention preferably also includes depleting oxygen isotope ¹⁸O through photodissociation of ozone.

In the method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes of the present invention, at least one step of concentrating the oxygen isotope through distillation of oxygen; concentrating oxygen isotope ¹⁷O through photodissociation of ozone; depleting oxygen isotope ¹⁸O through photodissociation of ozone; and carrying out isotope scrambling, is preferably carried out twice or more.

In the method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes of the present invention, either the step of depleting oxygen isotope ¹⁸O may be carried out first followed by the step of concentrating oxygen isotope ¹⁷O, or the step of concentrating oxygen isotope ¹⁷O may be carried out first followed by the step of depleting oxygen isotope ¹⁸O.

A second aspect of the present invention provides a method of manufacturing heavy oxygen water, including: adding hydrogen to ¹⁷O-enriched oxygen and/or ¹⁸O-enriched oxygen obtained by the method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes according to any one of claims 1 to 9 so as to obtain water in which the oxygen isotope ¹⁷O and/or oxygen isotope ¹⁸O are concentrated to a 1 atom % or higher concentration.

A method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes of the present invention enables ¹⁷O of high concentration to be obtained sufficiently. Since this method enables carrying out concentration with a shorter startup time than in the prior art, ¹⁷O of high concentration can be obtained in an industrial scale at a low cost. During the concentration, conversion of ozone to oxygen or conversion of oxygen to ozone can be easily carried out, and therefore, ¹⁷O can be concentrated by combining various steps, so that a proper step can be selected in accordance to the desired concentration of ¹⁷O and the planned production output. When the starting material is processed to obtain ¹⁷O of high concentration, ¹⁷O of high concentration is separated and recovered from the oxygen in the starting material in the step of concentrating oxygen isotope ¹⁷O and the step of depleting oxygen isotope ¹⁸O. As a result, ¹⁸O of high concentration as well as ¹⁷O of high concentration can be obtained.

Moreover, heavy oxygen water enriched in ¹⁷O or ¹⁸O can be obtained at a low cost on an industrial scale, by using ¹⁷O-enriched oxygen or ¹⁸O-enriched oxygen obtained by the method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a laser separation apparatus used in the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within a distillation column according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a graph showing the composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within a distillation column according to the second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a third embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a laser separation apparatus used in the third embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the laser separation apparatus used in the third embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a graph showing the composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within the distillation column according to the third embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing a fourth embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a graph showing the composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within a distillation column according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram showing a fifth embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a graph showing the composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within the distillation column according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing a sixth embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a graph showing the composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within a distillation column according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram showing a seventh embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 17 is a graph showing the composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within a distillation column according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram showing an eighth embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 19 is a graph showing the composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within a distillation column according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram showing a ninth embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 21 is a graph showing the composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within a distillation column according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a distillation column used in the prior art method of concentrating an oxygen isotope.

FIG. 23 is a graph showing an example of the composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within a distillation column.

FIG. 24 is a graph showing an example of the composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within a distillation column having a large theoretical number of plates.

The reference numerals shown in these figures as defined as follows:

1 and 6 represent a distillation column, 2 represents an ozone separation apparatus (Type A), 3 represents an isotope scrambler, and 4 and 5 represent an ozone separation apparatus (Type B).

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Now the present invention will be described in detail below.

The present invention provides a method of concentrating ¹⁷O to a high concentration (for example, 5 atom % or higher) by a step designed to make the best use of the effects of concentrating ¹⁷O of a ¹⁷O concentrating method based on a distillation apparatus and of a ¹⁷O concentrating method based on a laser isotope separation apparatus (hereinafter referred to simply as laser separation apparatus) that utilizes the photodissociation reaction of ozone.

According to the method, ¹⁷O is concentrated by distillation in a low concentration zone (for example, from 370 atomppm to 0.2 atom %), and the preliminarily concentrated ¹⁷O obtained by the distillation is further concentrated by laser separation to obtain ¹⁷O of high concentration (for example, 5 atom % or higher).

The present invention also provides a method for promoting the concentration of ¹⁷O in the distillation column by using the laser separation apparatus connected to the distillation column to effectively remove ¹⁸O that impedes the concentration of ¹⁷O by distillation. The present invention also provides a method for achieving an ultra-high concentration, for example 70% or higher, of ¹⁷O by combining the above-mentioned methods.

Concentration of ¹⁷O by means of the laser separation apparatus can be carried out by the following two methods.

One is to selectively decompose ozone molecules that include ¹⁷O, among ozone molecules including ¹⁶O, ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O, in ozone gas and separate the resultant ¹⁷O-enriched oxygen from the ozone gas, thereby to concentrate ¹⁷O. Another method is to remove ¹⁸O-enriched oxygen, which is obtained by selectively decomposing ozone molecules that include ¹⁸O, from the ozone gas that includes the various isotopes thereby to deplete ¹⁸O.

According to the present invention, concentration of ¹⁷O is carried out efficiently by combining the step of concentrating ¹⁷O and/or the step of depleting ¹⁸O with the oxygen distillation step. Efficiency of ¹⁷O concentration can be further improved by adding a step of isotope scrambling to the method described above.

When both the step of concentrating ¹⁷O and the step of depleting ¹⁸O are carried out, whichever thereof may be done first prior to the other. Also these steps may be placed either before or after the oxygen distillation step.

Moreover, efficiency of ¹⁷O concentration can be further improved by running at least one of the oxygen distillation step, the step of concentrating oxygen isotope ¹⁷O, the step of depleting oxygen isotope ¹⁸O and the step of carrying out isotope scrambling, twice or more.

When highly concentrated ¹⁷O is to be obtained from the starting material of oxygen, highly concentrated ¹⁸O is separated and recovered from the starting material of oxygen in the step of concentrating ¹⁷O and the step of depleting ¹⁸O. Thus the steps enable highly concentrated ¹⁸O (for example, 20 atom % or higher) as well as highly concentrated ¹⁷O to be obtained.

The ¹⁷O-enriched oxygen (for example, 5 atom % or higher) or the 18O-enriched oxygen (for example, 20 atom % or higher) obtained by the method of the present invention can be used to manufacture ¹⁷O-enriched water or ¹⁸O-enriched water having 1 atom % or higher concentration of desired oxygen isotope, by the ordinary method, such as diluting with argon, adding hydrogen in a quantity that corresponds to the quantity of oxygen and causing oxygen and hydrogen react on a platinum catalyst at a temperature of 80° C. or higher.

FIRST EMBODIMENT

The first embodiment, that is the most basic embodiment of the present invention, is schematically shown in FIG. 1. This embodiment employs an apparatus including a distillation column 1 where oxygen is distilled so as to separate oxygen isotopes and a laser separation apparatus 2 which are connected to each other. This embodiment is characterized in that a first stage of ¹⁷O concentration is carried out by distillation in a low ¹⁷O concentration zone, and a second stage of ¹⁷O concentration is carried out by laser separation when ¹⁷O concentration has increased to 0.2 atom % or higher. This constitution enables efficient concentration of ¹⁷O.

It is preferable to use ultra-high purity oxygen as a starting material F. The ultra-high purity oxygen is preferably obtained by removing argon, hydrocarbons and other impurities from industrial-grade oxygen thereby significantly improving the chemical purity of oxygen. The oxygen distillation column may include a plurality of distillation columns connected in cascade, instead of the single distillation column 1. The distillation column may be filled with structured packing or unstructured packing, and a similar effect can be achieved regardless of whichever is used.

The constitution of the oxygen distillation column and the packing in the distillation column described above apply also to other embodiments.

The laser separation apparatus 2 (type A) used in this embodiment has the same constitution as that disclosed, for example, in Patent Documents 2 and 3, and an example thereof is shown in FIG. 2.

In this embodiment, the first stage of ¹⁷O concentration is carried out in the distillation column 1, then oxygen gas F_(LIS) is introduced into an ozonizer 21 so as to generate ozone, and ozone-oxygen mixture gas produced thereby is mixed with a dilution gas (Kr) and recovered dilution gas, followed by the separation of ozone and oxygen from the mixture gas by using an ozone separation apparatus 22. The separated oxygen is mixed with the oxygen gas F_(LIS) supplied from the distillation column 1 and is used again in the generation of ozone. Meanwhile the separated ozone is charged together with the dilution gas to a laser separation apparatus 23, where ozone molecules that include ¹⁷O are selectively decomposed into oxygen by irradiating with a laser beam of a particular wavelength. The ¹⁷O-enriched oxygen thus obtained, undecomposed ozone and the dilution gas are sent to an oxygen recovering apparatus 24, where ¹⁷O-enriched oxygen gas P_(LIS) is obtained. The undecomposed ozone and the dilution gas that remain are sent to an ozone separation apparatus 25, where all ozone molecules are decomposed into oxygen. The resultant oxygen gas and the dilution gas are sent to a dilution gas recovering apparatus 26 where ¹⁷O-depleted and ¹⁸O-enriched oxygen gas W_(LIS) is separated, while the recovered dilution gas is added again to the mixture gas of ozone produced in the ozonizer 21 and oxygen.

While this embodiment uses Kr as the gas for diluting ozone, other gases capable of diluting ozone without compromising the effects of the present invention may be also used.

There is no restriction on the details of the step carried out in the laser separation apparatus (LIS unit), as long as there is the function of separating the oxygen of the starting material into isotope-enriched oxygen and isotope-depleted oxygen by making use of the photodissociation reaction of ozone.

The above applies to the other embodiments as well.

The operation of this embodiment proceeds as follows. First, oxygen D_(bot) (F_(LIS) in FIG. 2) that is enriched in ¹⁷O by distillation is drawn from the bottom of the distillation column 1, and is sent to the laser separation apparatus 2 where ozone including ¹⁷O is selectively decomposed so as to obtain 17O-enriched oxygen P (P_(LIS) in FIG. 2). Waste gas W1 generated during distillation is discarded through the top of the distillation column 1, and waste gas W2 (W_(LIS) in FIG. 2) generated during laser separation is discarded from the laser separation apparatus 2. However, the waste gas W2 includes ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O of higher concentrations than in the starting material F, and therefore can be supplied to a separate ¹⁷O concentrating step or ¹⁸O concentrating step. Such a reuse of the waste gas W2 can be made similarly in many other embodiment described below.

The concentration step was simulated on a computer by assuming the distillation column 1 as having the specifications shown in Table 3, the laser separation apparatus 2 as having the specifications shown in Table 4, and the ultra-high purity oxygen F of the starting material as having the composition shown in Table 2. Flow rates of oxygen and the composition of oxygen isotopes in various points of the apparatus determined by the simulation are shown in Table 5. The composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within the distillation column 1 is shown in Table 3. Purity (atom %) of each isotope given in Table 5 was calculated by the equation shown under Table 5 by using the concentration (mol %) of oxygen gas including the respective isotope determined in the simulation. This applies also to the other embodiments. The computer program for the distillation step used in this simulation is explained in WO00/27509. Composition of the ultra-high purity oxygen F shown in Table 2 was calculated from the values of natural abundance shown in Table 1.

TABLE 2 Isotope Atomic mass Abundance ¹⁶O₂ 32 0.99519 ¹⁶O¹⁷O 33 0.00074 ¹⁶O¹⁸O 34 0.00407 ¹⁷O₂ 34 1.37 × 10⁻⁷ ¹⁷O¹⁸O 35 1.51 × 10⁻⁶ ¹⁸O₂ 36 4.16 × 10⁻⁶ Calculated from the values of natural abundance shown in Table 1.

TABLE 3 Type of distillation column Packing column Column diameter 0.120 m Packing height 150 m Packing Φ 5 mm Raschig ring Operating pressure 20 kPa(G) Heat exchange capacity of reboiler 2.7 kW

TABLE 4 Flow rate Molar fraction LIS unit (TYPE A) [mol/s] O₂ O₃ Kr (1) LIS unit feed (O₂) 5.88E−06 1.00 — — (2) Inlet of ozonizer: O₂ processing capacity of ozonizer 4.12E−05 1.00 — — (3) Outlet of ozonizer 3.92E−05 0.90 0.10 — (4) O₃ separation column feed 7.45E−05 0.47 0.05 0.47 (5) O₃ separation column top = Waste O₂ gas 3.53E−05 1.00 — — (6) O₃ separation column bottom = LIS feed (O₃, Kr) 3.92E−05 — 0.10 0.90 (7) LIS outlet = O₂ separation column feed (O₂, O₃, Kr) 3.93E−05 0.01 0.10 0.90 (8) O₂ separation column top = LIS concentration O₂ 2.33E−07 1.00 — — (9) O₂ separation column bottom = Ozone separation apparatus inlet 3.91E−05 — 0.10 0.90 (O₃, Kr) (10) Ozone separation apparatus outlet = Kr recovery inlet (O₂, Kr) 4.10E−05 0.14 — 0.86 (11) Kr recovery outlet (Kr): Circulating quantity of Kr 3.53E−05 — — 1.00 (12) Kr recovery outlet (O₂): LIS depletion O₂ 5.65E−06 1.00 — — Ozonizer unit requirement (gO₃/kWh) 220 Ozonizer O₃ generating capacity (kgO₃/h) 6.78E−04 Ozonizer power consumption (kW) 3.08E−03 Target for laser separation ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁷O Decomposition ratio of the target 90% Laser output power (W) 0.009

TABLE 5 F W1 D_(bot) W2 P Flow rate [mol/s]  1.0e−3 9.94e−4 5.88e−6 5.65e−6 2.33e−7 Composition ¹⁶O₂ 9.95e−1 9.98e−1 4.84e−1 5.48e−1 5.93e−1 [mol %] ¹⁶O¹⁷O 7.38e−4 6.20e−4 2.07e−2 1.05e−2 1.41e−1 ¹⁶O¹⁸O 4.07e−3 1.17e−3 4.94e−1 3.74e−1 2.13e−1 ¹⁷O₂ 1.37e−7 3.94e−8 1.66e−5 5.07e−5 8.36e−3 ¹⁷O¹⁸O 1.51e−6 2.47e−7 2.15e−4 3.59e−3 2.53e−2 ¹⁸O₂ 4.16e−6 4.55e−7 6.31e−4 6.37e−2 1.91e−2 Purity of ¹⁶O 9.98e−1 9.99e−1 7.42e−1 7.41e−1 7.70e−1 isotope ¹⁷O 3.70e−4 3.10e−4 1.05e−2 7.12e−3 9.14e−2 [atom %] ¹⁸O 2.04e−3 5.85e−4 2.48e−1 2.52e−1 1.38e−1 Purity of isotope ¹⁶O = ¹⁶O₂ + ¹⁶O¹⁷O/2 + ¹⁶O¹⁸O/2 Purity of isotope ¹⁷O = ¹⁷O₂ + ¹⁶O¹⁷O/2 + ¹⁷O¹⁸O/2 Purity of isotope ¹⁸O = ¹⁸O₂ + ¹⁶O¹⁸O/2 + ¹⁷O¹⁸O/2

SECOND EMBODIMENT

The apparatus of this embodiment is the distillation column 1 of the first embodiment with an isotope scrambler 3 connected thereto. A schematic diagram of this apparatus is shown in FIG. 4.

The isotope scrambler 3 is an apparatus for promoting isotope scrambling, that is a phenomenon of isotope molecules of different isotope species which coexist randomly exchanging the constituent atoms, function thereof being described in detail in WO00/27509.

The isotope scrambler 3 may be connected to the distillation column 1 at any point thereof. A part of the gas is drawn from the distillation column 1, with the drawn gas being sent to the isotope scrambler 3, subjected to isotope scrambling and is returned to the distillation column. At this time, it is preferable to draw the gas from the distillation column 1 at a position near the column bottom or at the bottom. There is no restriction on the portion of the distillation column 1 where the gas is returned after the isotope scrambling. The gas may be returned at the same position where the gas was drawn, or near that position.

This embodiment is characterized by, in addition to the isotope concentrating effect of the first embodiment, the capability to promote the concentration of ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O in the distillation column by means of the isotope scrambler 3 so as to increase the ¹⁷O concentration in the product P.

The operation of this apparatus was simulated on a computer by assuming the distillation column 1 as having the specifications shown in Table 3, the laser separation apparatus 2 as having the specifications shown in Table 6, and the ultra-high purity oxygen F of the starting material as having the composition shown in Table 2. Flow rates of oxygen and the composition of oxygen isotopes in various points of the apparatus determined by the simulation are shown in Tables 7 and 8. The composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within the distillation column 1 is shown in Table 5.

The simulation was based on the condition of drawing the gas from the distillation column 1 at the bottom at a rate of 10×10⁻³ mol/s, and is returned to the bottom of the column after being processed in the isotope scrambler 3.

TABLE 6 Flow rate Molar fraction LIS unit (TYPE A) [mol/s] O₂ O₃ Kr (1) LIS unit feed (O₂) 6.19E−06 1.00 — — (2) Inlet of ozonizer: O₂ processing capacity of ozonizer 4.34E−05 1.00 — — (3) Outlet of ozonizer 4.13E−05 0.90 0.10 — (4) O₃ separation column feed 7.85E−05 0.47 0.05 0.47 (5) O₃ separation column top = Waste O₂ gas 3.72E−05 1.00 — — (6) O₃ separation column bottom = LIS feed (O₃, Kr) 4.13E−05 — 0.10 0.90 (7) LIS outlet = O₂ separation column feed (O₂, O₃, Kr) 4.14E−05 0.01 0.10 0.90 (8) O₂ separation column top = LIS concentration O₂ 2.78E−07 1.00 — — (9) O₂ separation column bottom = Ozone separation apparatus inlet 4.11E−05 — 0.10 0.90 (O₃, Kr) (10) Ozone separation apparatus outlet = Kr recovery inlet (O₂, Kr) 4.31E−05 0.14 — 0.86 (11) Kr recovery outlet (Kr): Circulating quantity of Kr 3.72E−05 — — 1.00 (12) Kr recovery outlet (O₂): LIS depletion O₂ 5.92E−06 1.00 — — Ozonizer unit requirement (gO₃/kWh) 220 Ozonizer O₃ generating capacity (kgO₃/h) 7.14E−04 Ozonizer power consumption (kW) 3.24E−03 Target for laser separation ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁷O Decomposition ratio of the target 90% Laser output power (W) 0.011

TABLE 7 F W1 S_(in) S_(out) Flow rate [mol/s]  1.0e−3 9.94e−4  1.0e−3  1.0e−3 Composition ¹⁶O₂ 9.95e−1 9.98e−1 5.48e−1 5.48e−1 [mol %] ¹⁶O¹⁷O 7.38e−4 5.77e−4 1.99e−2 1.98e−2 ¹⁶O¹⁸O 4.07e−3 1.02e−3 3.65e−1 3.65e−1 ¹⁷O₂ 1.37e−7 7.25e−8 1.79e−4 1.80e−4 ¹⁷O¹⁸O 1.51e−6 2.26e−7 6.56e−3 6.60e−3 ¹⁸O₂ 4.16e−6 3.50e−7 6.02e−2 6.06e−2 Purity of ¹⁶O 9.98e−1 9.99e−1 7.40e−1 7.40e−1 isotope ¹⁷O 3.70e−4 2.89e−4 1.34e−2 1.34e−2 [atom %] ¹⁸O 2.04e−3 5.12e−4 2.46e−1 2.46e−1

TABLE 8 D_(bot) W2 P Flow rate [mol/s] 6.19e−6 5.92e−6 2.78e−7 Composition ¹⁶O₂ 5.46e−1 5.45e−1 5.79e−1 [mol %] ¹⁶O¹⁷O 1.99e−2 1.36e−2 1.57e−1 ¹⁶O¹⁸O 3.66e−1 3.73e−1 2.07e−1 ¹⁷O₂ 1.79e−4 8.44e−5 1.07e−2 ¹⁷O¹⁸O 6.59e−3 4.64e−3 2.81e−2 ¹⁸O₂ 6.07e−2 6.37e−2 1.85e−2 Purity of ¹⁶O 7.39e−1 7.38e−1 7.61e−1 isotope ¹⁷O 1.34e−2 9.19e−3 1.03e−1 [atom %] ¹⁸O 2.47e−1 2.52e−1 1.36e−1

THIRD EMBODIMENT

This embodiment is an advancement of the first embodiment, aimed at further improvements in the concentration and yield of ¹⁷O. The apparatus is schematically shown in FIG. 6.

A laser separation apparatus 4 (type B) is an apparatus for carrying out laser separation in two stages. The same function may be performed by two units of the laser separation apparatus 2 (type A) used in the first embodiment connected together as shown in FIG. 7. However, the constitution shown in FIG. 8, for example, enables a system with a single unit of each of the ozonizer and the dilution gas recovering apparatus to be constructed, and is therefore preferable.

In this apparatus, the first stage of ¹⁷O concentration is carried out in the distillation column 1. Then, oxygen gas F_(LIS) is introduced into an ozonizer 41 so as to generate ozone, and the produced ozone-oxygen mixture gas is mixed with a dilution gas (Kr) and recovered dilution gas. Then, by using an ozone separation apparatus 42, ozone and oxygen are separated from the mixture gas. Separated oxygen is mixed with the oxygen gas F_(LIS) supplied from the distillation column 1 and is used again in the generation of ozone. Meanwhile, the separated ozone is charged together with the dilution gas to a first laser separation apparatus 43, where ozone molecules that include ¹⁷O are selectively decomposed into oxygen by irradiating with a laser beam of a particular wavelength. Oxygen including ¹⁷O thus obtained, undecomposed ozone and the dilution gas are sent to a first oxygen recovering apparatus 44, where ¹⁷O-enriched oxygen gas P_(LIS) is obtained. The undecomposed ozone and the dilution gas that remain are sent to a second laser separation apparatus 45, where ozone molecules that include ¹⁸O are selectively decomposed into oxygen by irradiating with a laser beam of a particular wavelength. The oxygen including ¹⁸O thus obtained, the undecomposed ozone and the dilution gas are sent to a second recovering apparatus 46 where ¹⁸O-enriched oxygen gas P2 _(LIS) is obtained. The undecomposed ozone and the dilution gas that remain are sent to the ozone separation apparatus 47, where all ozone molecules are decomposed into oxygen. The resultant oxygen gas and the dilution gas are sent to a dilution gas recovering apparatus 48 where oxygen gas W_(LIS) depleted in ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O is separated, while the recovered dilution gas is added again to the mixture gas of ozone produced in the ozonizer 41 and oxygen.

In the case of the first embodiment, the oxygen gas drawn from the bottom of the distillation column 1 is introduced into the laser separation apparatus 2, where the ozone molecule ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁷O that includes ¹⁷O is selectively decomposed so as to obtain the ¹⁷O-enriched oxygen gas P, while ¹⁷O-depleted oxygen gas that remains is discarded as waste gas W2 without returning it into the distillation column 1, to prevent the concentration of ¹⁷O from decreasing due to the increasing concentration of ¹⁸O in the distillation column 1. This is because returning the ¹⁸O-enriched gas W2 to the distillation column 1 causes further concentration of ¹⁸O at the bottom of the distillation column 1, thus resulting in decreasing concentration of ¹⁷O at the bottom of the distillation column 1.

In this embodiment, the ozone molecule ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁸O that includes ¹⁸O is selectively decomposed by the second-stage laser separation from ozone that has been depleted in ¹⁷O in the first-stage laser separation, so as to remove the ¹⁸O-enriched oxygen gas, while the remainder of oxygen gas R (W_(LIS) in FIG. 8) is returned to the distillation column at the intermediate portion thereof by means of a blower or the like (not shown). This scheme enhances the concentration of ¹⁷O and improves the yield of ¹⁷O while preventing ¹⁸O from being concentrated in the distillation column 1.

The operation was simulated on a computer by assuming the distillation column 1 as having the specifications shown in Table 3, the laser separation apparatus 4 as having the specifications shown in Table 10, and the ultra-high purity oxygen F of the starting material as having the composition shown in Table 2. Flow rates of oxygen and the composition of oxygen isotopes in various points of the apparatus determined by the simulation are shown in Table 9. It can be seen that P1 is enriched in ¹⁷O and W2 is enriched in ¹⁸O.

The composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within the distillation column 1 is shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 F W1 D_(bot) R W2 P1 Flow rate [mol/s] 1.00e−3 9.95e−4 1.29e−5 7.47e−6 4.86e−6 5.38e−7 Composition ¹⁶O₂ 9.95e−1 9.98e−1 5.15e−1 5.82e−1 4.95e−1 5.87e−1 [mol %] ¹⁶O¹⁷O 7.38e−4 5.99e−4 2.03e−2 1.60e−2 5.73e−3 1.48e−1 ¹⁶O¹⁸O 4.07e−3 1.10e−3 4.32e−1 3.45e−1 4.11e−1 2.10e−1 ¹⁷O₂ 1.37e−7 5.03e−8 7.06e−5 1.10e−4 1.66e−5 9.33e−3 ¹⁷O¹⁸O 1.51e−6 2.36e−7 2.86e−3 4.75e−3 2.38e−3 2.65e−2 ¹⁸O₂ 4.16e−6 4.03e−7 3.00e−2 5.12e−2 8.53e−2 1.88e−2 Purity of ¹⁶O 9.98e−1 9.99e−1 7.41e−1 7.63e−1 7.04e−1 7.66e−1 isotope ¹⁷O 3.70e−4 3.00e−4 1.17e−2 1.05e−2 4.07e−3 9.66e−2 [atom %] ¹⁸O 2.04e−3 5.50e−4 2.47e−1 2.26e−1 2.92e−1 1.37e−1

TABLE 10 Flow rate Molar fraction LIS unit (TYPE B) [mol/s] O₂ O₃ Kr (1) LIS unit feed (O₂) 1.29E−05 1.00 — — (2) Inlet of ozonizer: O₂ processing capacity of ozonizer 9.01E−05 1.00 — — (3) Outlet of ozonizer 8.58E−05 0.90 0.10 — (4) O₃ separation column feed 1.63E−04 0.47 0.05 0.47 (5) O₃ separation column top = Waste O₂ gas 7.72E−05 1.00 — — (6) O₃ separation column bottom = LIS first-stage feed (O₃, Kr) 8.58E−05 — 0.10 0.90 (7) LIS outlet = O₂ separation column feed (O₂, O₃, Kr) 8.59E−05 0.01 0.10 0.90 (8) O₂ separation column top = LIS concentration O₂-1 5.38E−07 1.00 — — (9) O₂ separation column bottom = LIS second-stage feed (O₃, Kr) 8.54E−05 — 0.10 0.90 (10) LIS outlet = O₂ separation column feed (O₂, O₃, Kr) 8.70E−05 0.06 0.06 0.89 (11) O₂ separation column top = LIS concentration O₂-2 4.86E−06 1.00 — — (12) O₂ separation column bottom = Ozone separation apparatus inlet 8.22E−05 — 0.06 0.94 (O₃, Kr) (13) Ozone separation apparatus outlet = Kr recovery inlet (O₂, Kr) 8.47E−05 0.09 — 0.91 (14) Kr recovery outlet (Kr): Circulating quantity of Kr 7.72E−05 — — 1.00 (15) Kr recovery outlet (O₂): LIS depletion O₂ 7.47E−06 1.00 — — Ozonizer unit requirement (gO₃/kWh) 220 Ozonizer O₃ generating capacity (kgO₃/h) 1.48E−03 Ozonizer power consumption (kW) 6.74E−03 Target for laser separation (first-stage) ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁷O Decomposition ratio of the target 90% Laser output power (W) 0.022 Target for laser separation (second-stage) ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁸O Decomposition ratio of the target 90% Laser output power (W) 0.195

FOURTH EMBODIMENT

In the case of the third embodiment, ¹⁷O is concentrated in the first-stage laser separation and ¹⁸O is concentrated in the second-stage laser separation, although these operations may be carried out in the reverse order. FIG. 10 schematically shows this embodiment that uses a laser separation apparatus 5 designed to first selectively decompose ozone molecules that include ¹⁸O, followed by selective decomposition of ozone molecules that include ¹⁷O. In this embodiment also, ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O can be concentrated, and the concentration and yield of ¹⁷O can be improved over those in the first embodiment.

The operation was simulated on a computer by assuming the distillation column 1 as having the specifications shown in Table 3, the laser separation apparatus 5 as having the specifications shown in Table 12, and the ultra-high purity oxygen F of the starting material as having the composition shown in Table 2. Flow rates of oxygen and the composition of isotopes in various points of the apparatus determined by the simulation are shown in Table 11. The composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within the distillation column 1 is shown in FIG. 11. It can be seen that P1 is enriched in ¹⁷O and W2 is enriched in ¹⁸O.

TABLE 11 F W1 D_(bot) R W2 P1 Flow rate [mol/s] 1.00e−3 9.95e−4 1.28e−5 7.43e−6 4.99e−6 4.03e−7 Composition ¹⁶O₂ 9.95e−1 9.98e−1 5.14e−1 5.83e−1 4.96e−1 5.94e−1 [mol %] ¹⁶O¹⁷O 7.38e−4 5.97e−4 2.01e−2 1.53e−2 8.29e−3 1.67e−1 ¹⁶O¹⁸O 4.07e−3 1.09e−3 4.33e−1 3.46e−1 4.08e−1 1.86e−1 ¹⁷O₂ 1.37e−7 4.88e−8 6.50e−5 1.00e−4 3.46e−5 1.18e−2 ¹⁷O¹⁸O 1.51e−6 2.33e−7 2.72e−3 4.53e−3 3.41e−3 2.62e−2 ¹⁸O₂ 4.16e−6 3.96e−7 2.99e−2 5.12e−2 8.40e−2 1.46e−2 Purity of ¹⁶O 9.98e−1 9.99e−1 7.41e−1 7.64e−1 7.04e−1 7.71e−1 isotope ¹⁷O 3.70e−4 2.99e−4 1.15e−2 1.00e−2 5.88e−3 1.08e−1 [atom %] ¹⁸O 2.04e−3 5.47e−4 2.48e−1 2.26e−1 2.90e−1 1.21e−1

TABLE 12 Flow rate Molar fraction LIS unit (TYPE B) [mol/s] O₂ O₃ Kr (1) LIS unit feed (O₂) 1.28E−05 1.00 — — (2) Inlet of ozonizer: O₂ processing capacity of ozonizer 8.98E−05 1.00 — — (3) Outlet of ozonizer 8.55E−05 0.90 0.10 — (4) O₃ separation column feed 1.62E−04 0.47 0.05 0.47 (5) O₃ separation column top = Waste O₂ gas 7.69E−05 1.00 — — (6) O₃ separation column bottom = LIS first-stage feed (O₃, Kr) 8.55E−05 — 0.10 0.90 (7) LIS outlet = O₂ separation column feed (O₂, O₃, Kr) 8.71E−05 0.06 0.06 0.88 (8) O₂ separation column top = LIS concentration O₂-1 4.99E−06 1.00 — — (9) O₂ separation column bottom = LIS second-stage feed (O₃, Kr) 8.22E−05 — 0.06 0.94 (10) LIS outlet = O₂ separation column feed (O₂, O₃, Kr) 8.23E−05 0.00 0.06 0.93 (11) O₂ separation column top = LIS concentration O₂-2 4.03E−07 1.00 — — (12) O₂ separation column bottom = Ozone separation apparatus 8.19E−05 — 0.06 0.94 inlet (O₃, Kr) (13) Ozone separation apparatus outlet = Kr recovery inlet (O₂, Kr) 8.44E−05 0.09 — 0.91 (14) Kr recovery outlet (Kr): Circulating quantity of Kr 7.69E−05 — — 1.00 (15) Kr recovery outlet (O₂): LIS depletion O₂ 7.43E−06 1.00 — — Ozonizer unit requirement (gO₃/kWh) 220 Ozonizer O₃ generating capacity (kgO₃/h) 1.48E−03 Ozonizer power consumption (kW) 6.71E−03 Target for laser separation (first-stage) ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁸O Decomposition ratio of the target 90% Laser output power (W) 0.201 Target for laser separation (second-stage) ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁷O Decomposition ratio of the target 90% Laser output power (W) 0.016

FIFTH EMBODIMENT

The apparatus of this embodiment is the distillation column 1 of the fourth embodiment with an isotope scrambler 3 connected thereto. This embodiment enhances the concentration of ¹⁷O in the distillation column 1, and improves the concentration and the yield of ¹⁷O. A schematic diagram of this embodiment is shown in FIG. 12.

The operation was simulated on a computer by assuming the distillation column 1 as having the specifications shown in Table 3, the laser separation apparatus 5 as having the specifications shown in Table 15, and the ultra-high purity oxygen F of the starting material as having the composition shown in Table 2. Flow rates of oxygen and the composition of isotopes in various points of the apparatus determined by the simulation are shown in Tables 13 and 14. It can be seen that P1 is enriched in ¹⁷O and W2 is enriched in ¹⁸O. The composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within the distillation column 1 is shown in FIG. 13.

TABLE 13 F W1 S_(in) S_(out) Flow rate [mol/s] 1.00e−3 9.94e−4 1.0e−3 1.0e−3 Composition ¹⁶O₂ 9.95e−1 9.98e−1 5.50e−1 5.51e−1 [mol %] ¹⁶O¹⁷O 7.38e−4 5.71e−4 1.94e−2 1.94e−2 ¹⁶O¹⁸O 4.07e−3 1.01e−3 3.64e−1 3.63e−1 ¹⁷O₂ 1.37e−7 7.02e−8 1.70e−4 1.71e−4 ¹⁷O¹⁸O 1.51e−6 2.20e−7 6.35e−3 6.40e−3 ¹⁸O₂ 4.16e−6 3.35e−7 5.95e−2 5.99e−2 Purity of ¹⁶O 9.98e−1 9.99e−1 7.42e−1 7.42e−1 isotope ¹⁷O 3.70e−4 2.85e−4 1.31e−2 1.31e−2 [atom %] ¹⁸O 2.04e−3 5.04e−4 2.45e−1 2.45e−1

TABLE 14 D_(bot) R W2 P1 Flow rate [mol/s] 1.33e−5 7.68e−6 5.14e−6 4.51e−7 Composition ¹⁶O₂ 5.49e−1 5.84e−1 4.96e−1 5.88e−1 [mol %] ¹⁶O¹⁷O 1.94e−2 1.74e−2 9.44e−3 1.76e−1 ¹⁶O¹⁸O 3.65e−1 3.43e−1 4.07e−1 1.82e−1 ¹⁷O₂ 1.70e−4 1.30e−4 4.49e−5 1.31e−2 ¹⁷O¹⁸O 6.39e−3 5.12e−3 3.87e−3 2.72e−2 ¹⁸O₂ 6.00e−2 5.04e−2 8.34e−2 1.41e−2 Purity of ¹⁶O 7.41e−1 7.64e−1 7.04e−1 7.67e−1 isotope ¹⁷O 1.31e−2 1.14e−2 6.70e−3 1.15e−1 [atom %] ¹⁸O 2.46e−1 2.24e−1 2.89e−1 1.19e−1

TABLE 15 Flow rate Molar fraction LIS unit (TYPE B) [mol/s] O₂ O₃ Kr (1) LIS unit feed (O₂) 1.33E−05 1.00 — — (2) Inlet of ozonizer: O₂ processing capacity of ozonizer 9.29E−05 1.00 — — (3) Outlet of ozonizer 8.85E−05 0.90 0.10 — (4) O₃ separation column feed 1.68E−04 0.47 0.05 0.47 (5) O₃ separation column top = Waste O₂ gas 7.96E−05 1.00 — — (6) O₃ separation column bottom = LIS first-stage feed (O₃, Kr) 8.85E−05 — 0.10 0.90 (7) LIS outlet = O₂ separation column feed (O₂, O₃, Kr) 9.02E−05 0.06 0.06 0.88 (8) O₂ separation column top = LIS concentration O₂-1 5.14E−06 1.00 — — (9) O₂ separation column bottom = LIS second-stage feed (O₃, Kr) 8.51E−05 — 0.06 0.94 (10) LIS outlet = O₂ separation column feed (O₂, O₃, Kr) 8.52E−05 0.01 0.06 0.93 (11) O₂ separation column top = LIS concentration O₂-2 4.51E−07 1.00 — — (12) O₂ separation column bottom = Ozone separation apparatus 8.48E−05 — 0.06 0.94 inlet (O₃, Kr) (13) Ozone separation apparatus outlet = Kr recovery inlet (O₂, Kr) 8.73E−05 0.09 — 0.91 (14) Kr recovery outlet (Kr): Circulating quantity of Kr 7.96E−05 — — 1.00 (15) Kr recovery outlet (O₂): LIS depletion O₂ 7.68E−06 1.00 — — Ozonizer unit requirement (gO₃/kWh) 220 Ozonizer O₃ generating capacity (kgO₃/h) 1.53E−03 Ozonizer power consumption (kW) 6.95E−03 Target for laser separation (first-stage) ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁸O Decomposition ratio of the target 90% Laser output power (W) 0.207 Target for laser separation (second-stage) ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁷O Decomposition ratio of the target 90% Laser output power (W) 0.018

SIXTH EMBODIMENT

The apparatus of this embodiment includes a distillation column 6, the isotope scrambler 3 and the laser separation apparatus 2 connected to each other. The distillation column 6 has the same construction as the distillation column 1, except for being larger in height. The laser separation apparatus 2 is connected to the distillation column 6 in an intermediate portion of the column. The isotope scrambler 3 may be connected to the distillation column 6 at any point thereof similarly to the second embodiment, although the connecting point is preferably at the bottom of the column or in the vicinity thereof. There is no restriction on the position of the distillation column 6 where the gas is returned thereto, and the gas may be returned at the same position where the gas was drawn, or near that position. This embodiment is schematically illustrated in FIG. 14.

In this embodiment, ¹⁸O-enriched oxygen P₁₈ accumulates at the bottom of the distillation column 6. The intermediate component of ¹⁷O accumulates mainly in the form of ¹⁶O¹⁷O or ¹⁷O¹⁸O with highest concentration in the intermediate portion of the distillation column 6. Oxygen gas D_(cut) is drawn from near the intermediate portion of the column.

Then, the oxygen gas D_(cut) is fed to the laser separation apparatus 2, where the ozone molecule ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁷O that includes ¹⁷O is selectively decomposed so as to obtain ¹⁷O-enriched oxygen P₁₇, while the remaining oxygen gas R is returned to the distillation column 6.

This embodiment is characterized in that the oxygen gas D_(cut) is drawn from the distillation column 6 at the intermediate portion thereof where the concentration of ¹⁷O is highest, so that ¹⁷O can be separated efficiently and mixing of ¹⁸O into oxygen P₁₇ can be minimized, thereby making it possible to prevent the yield of ¹⁸O in oxygen P₁₈ from decreasing.

The concentration of ¹⁷O in the oxygen gas D_(cut) is dependent on the height of the distillation column 6. In the case where P₁₈ has the same level of ¹⁸O concentration, the higher the height of the distillation column 6 the higher the concentration of ¹⁷O in the oxygen gas D_(cut). Therefore, the height of the distillation column 6 is preferably 150 m or more. From a practical point of view, on the other hand, height of the distillation column 6 is preferably not larger than 600 m.

The operation was simulated on a computer by assuming the distillation column 6 as having the specifications shown in Table 16, the laser separation apparatus 2 as having the specifications shown in Table 19, and the ultra-high purity oxygen F of the starting material as having the composition shown in Table 2. Flow rates of oxygen and the composition of isotopes in various points of the apparatus determined by the simulation are shown in Tables 17 and 18. The composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within the distillation column 6 is shown in FIG. 15. The concentration of ¹⁷O in the oxygen gas D_(cut) under the conditions described above was 0.54 atom %.

TABLE 16 Type of distillation column Packing column Column diameter 0.120 m Packing height 200 m Packing Φ 5 mm Raschig ring Operating pressure 20 kPa(G) Heat exchange capacity of reboiler 2.7 kW

TABLE 17 F W1 S_(in) S_(out) Flow rate [mol/s] 1.00e−3 9.98e−4  1.0e−3  1.0e−3 Composition ¹⁶O₂ 9.95e−1 9.98e−1 2.45e−1 2.46e−1 [mol %] ¹⁶O¹⁷O 7.38e−4 6.12e−4 6.20e−3 6.17e−3 ¹⁶O¹⁸O 4.07e−3 1.37e−3 4.96e−1 4.94e−1 ¹⁷O₂ 1.37e−7 7.61e−8 3.82e−5 3.87e−5 ¹⁷O¹⁸O 1.51e−6 2.90e−7 6.16e−3 6.19e−3 ¹⁸O₂ 4.16e−6 2.69e−7 2.47e−1 2.48e−1 Purity of ¹⁶O 9.98e−1 9.99e−1 4.96e−1 4.96e−1 isotope ¹⁷O 3.70e−4 3.06e−4 6.22e−3 6.22e−3 [atom %] ¹⁸O 2.04e−3 6.84e−4 4.98e−1 4.98e−1

TABLE 18 D_(cut) R P₁₇ P₁₈ Flow rate [mol/s] 3.31e−5 3.21e−5 1.00e−6 1.25e−6 Composition ¹⁶O₂ 5.53e−1 5.52e−1 6.30e−1 6.79e−4 [mol %] ¹⁶O¹⁷O 8.13e−3 5.44e−3 9.85e−2 1.08e−4 ¹⁶O¹⁸O 3.74e−1 3.77e−1 2.29e−1 5.44e−2 ¹⁷O₂ 2.85e−5 1.34e−5 3.85e−3 4.18e−6 ¹⁷O¹⁸O 2.66e−3 1.86e−3 1.79e−2 4.02e−3 ¹⁸O₂ 6.21e−2 6.43e−2 2.08e−2 9.41e−1 Purity of ¹⁶O 7.44e−1 7.43e−1 7.94e−1 2.79e−2 isotope ¹⁷O 5.43e−3 3.66e−3 6.21e−2 2.07e−3 [atom %] ¹⁸O 2.50e−1 2.54e−1 1.44e−1 9.70e−1

TABLE 19 Flow rate Molar fraction LIS unit (TYPE A) [mol/s] O₂ O₃ Kr (1) LIS unit feed (O₂) 3.31E−05 1.00 — — (2) Inlet of ozonizer: O₂ processing 2.32E−04 1.00 — — capacity of ozonizer (3) Outlet of ozonizer 2.20E−04 0.90 0.10 — (4) O₃ separation column feed 4.19E−04 0.47 0.05 0.47 (5) O₃ separation column top = 1.98E−04 1.00 — — Waste O₃ gas (6) O₃ separation column bottom = 2.20E−04 — 0.10 0.90 LIS feed (O₃, Kr) (7) LIS outlet = O₂ separation 2.21E−04 0.00 0.10 0.90 column feed (O₂, O₃, Kr) (8) O₂ separation column top = LIS 1.00E−06 1.00 — — concentration O₂ (9) O₂ separation column bottom = 2.20E−04 — 0.10 0.90 Ozone separation apparatus inlet (O₃, Kr) (10) Ozone separation apparatus 2.31E−04 0.14 — 0.86 outlet = Kr recovery inlet (O₂, Kr) (11) Kr recovery outlet (Kr): 1.98E−04 — — 1.00 Circulating quantity of Kr (12) Kr recovery outlet (O₂): LIS 3.21E−05 1.00 — — depletion O₂ Ozonizer unit requirement (gO₃/kWh) 220 Ozonizer O₃ generating capacity (kgO₃/h) 3.81E−03 Ozonizer power consumption (kW) 1.73E−02 Target for laser separation ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁷O Decomposition ratio of the target 90% Laser output power (W) 0.040

SEVENTH EMBODIMENT

This embodiment has such a constitution as laser separation is carried out in two stages in the sixth embodiment, as shown in FIG. 16. The laser separation apparatus 4 (type B) may have either the constitution shown in FIG. 7 where two units of the laser separation apparatus 2 (type A) are connected as in the third embodiment, or the constitution shown in FIG. 8.

As oxygen R1 that has been enriched in ¹⁸O by selectively decomposing ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁸O in the first-stage ozone decomposition is returned to the distillation column 6, and ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁷O is selectively decomposed in the second-stage ozone decomposition, for example, the concentration and the yield of ¹⁷O can be further improved.

The operation was simulated on a computer by assuming the distillation column 6 as having the specifications shown in Table 16, the laser separation apparatus 4 as having the constitution shown in FIG. 7 and the specifications shown in Table 22, and the ultra-high purity oxygen F of the starting material as having the composition shown in Table 2. Flow rates of oxygen and the composition of isotopes in various points of the apparatus determined by the simulation are shown in Tables 20 and 21. The composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within the distillation column 6 is shown in FIG. 17.

TABLE 20 F W S_(in) S_(out) Flow rate [mol/s] 1.00e−3 9.94e−4  1.0e−3  1.0e−3 Composition ¹⁶O₂ 9.95e−1 9.98e−1 2.45e−1 2.46e−1 [mol %] ¹⁶O¹⁷O 7.38e−4 5.95e−4 5.84e−3 5.80e−3 ¹⁶O¹⁸O 4.07e−3 1.32e−3 4.96e−1 4.94e−1 ¹⁷O₂ 1.37e−7 6.86e−8 3.37e−5 3.41e−5 ¹⁷O¹⁸O 1.51e−6 2.50e−7 5.78e−3 5.82e−3 ¹⁸O₂ 4.16e−6 2.03e−7 2.47e−2 2.48e−1 Purity of ¹⁶O 9.98e−1 9.99e−1 4.96e−1 4.96e−1 isotope ¹⁷O 3.70e−4 2.98e−4 5.84e−3 5.84e−3 [atom %] ¹⁸O 2.04e−3 6.61e−4 4.98e−1 4.98e−1

TABLE 21 D_(cut) R1 R2 P₁₇ P₁₈ Flow rate [mol/s] 4.63e−5 1.82e−5 2.70e−5 1.00e−6 1.29e−6 Composition ¹⁶O₂ 5.60e−1 5.02e−1 5.99e−1 6.48e−1 6.85e−4 [mol %] ¹⁶O¹⁷O 7.68e−3 3.69e−3 6.72e−3 1.14e−1 1.02e−4 ¹⁶O¹⁸O 3.69e−1 4.09e−1 3.43e−1 2.00e−1 5.46e−2 ¹⁷O₂ 2.49e−5 6.78e−6 1.89e−5 4.97e−3 3.69e−6 ¹⁷O¹⁸O 2.45e−3 1.51e−3 1.92e−3 1.75e−2 3.78e−3 ¹⁸O₂ 6.01e−2 8.35e−2 4.91e−2 1.54e−2 9.41e−1 Purity of ¹⁶O 7.49e−1 7.08e−1 7.74e−1 8.05e−1 2.81e−2 isotope ¹⁷O 5.09e−3 2.60e−3 4.34e−3 7.05e−2 1.94e−3 [atom %] ¹⁸O 2.46e−1 2.89e−1 2.22e−1 1.24e−1 9.70e−1

TABLE 22 Flow rate Molar fraction LIS unit (TYPE B) [mol/s] O₂ O₃ Kr (1) LIS unit feed (O₂) 4.63E−05 1.00 — — (2) Inlet of ozonizer: O₂ processing 3.24E−04 1.00 — — capacity of ozonizer (3) Outlet of ozonizer 3.08E−04 0.90 0.10 — (4) O₃ separation column feed 5.86E−04 0.47 0.05 0.47 (5) O₃ separation column top = 2.78E−04 1.00 — — Waste O₂ gas (6) O₃ separation column bottom = 3.08E−04 — 0.10 0.90 LIS first-stage feed (O₃, Kr) (7) LIS outlet = O₂ separation 3.15E−04 0.06 0.06 0.88 column feed (O₂, O₃, Kr) (8) O₂ separation column top = LIS 1.82E−05 1.00 — — concentration O₂-1 (9) O₂ separation column bottom = 2.96E−04 — 0.06 0.94 LIS second-stage feed (O₃, Kr) (10) LIS outlet = O₂ separation 2.97E−04 0.00 0.06 0.94 column feed (O₂, O₃, Kr) (11) O₂ separation column top = 1.00E−06 1.00 — 0.94 LIS concentration O₂-2 (12) O₂ separation column bottom = 2.96E−04 — 0.06 0.91 Ozone separation apparatus inlet (O₃, Kr) (13) Ozone separation apparatus 3.05E−04 0.09 — 1.00 outlet = Kr recovery inlet (O₂, Kr) (14) Kr recovery outlet (Kr): 2.78E−04 — — — Circulating quantity of Kr (15) Kr recovery outlet (O₂): 2.70E−05 1.00 — LIS depletion O₂ Ozonizer unit requirement (gO₃/kWh) 220 Ozonizer O₃ generating capacity (kgO₃/h) 5.33E−03 Ozonizer power consumption (kW) 2.42E−02 Target for laser separation (first-stage) ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁸O Decomposition ratio of the target 90% Laser output power (W) 0.733 Target for laser separation (second-stage) ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁷O Decomposition ratio of the target 90% Laser output power (W) 0.040

Eighth Embodiment

In this embodiment, oxygen enriched in ¹⁷O to a concentration higher than the natural abundance is used as the starting material so as to concentrate ¹⁷O to an ultra-high concentration (for example, 40 atom % or higher) by means of a laser separation apparatus and a distillation column. The constitution of this embodiment is schematically shown in FIG. 18.

As mentioned previously, distillation tends to cause ¹⁸O, which has the highest boiling point among the oxygen isotopes and is most abundant in nature, to be concentrated at the bottom of the distillation column. Therefore, in order to concentrate ¹⁷O efficiently to an ultra-high concentration, for example, it is preferable to remove ¹⁸O from the distillation column as far as possible. Accordingly in this embodiment, ¹⁸O-enriched oxygen W1 is separated from the oxygen included in the starting material F by using the laser separation apparatus 4 in the first stage, and a ¹⁷O-enriched oxygen D_(feed) is sent to the distillation column 1 in the second stage. This enables suppression of the concentration of ¹⁸O within the distillation column 1.

In the case of distillation, when the concentration of ¹⁷O approaches the ultra-high concentration (for example, 40 atom % or higher), the ratio of change in ¹⁷O concentration within the distillation column to the change in the height of the distillation column decreases, and it becomes difficult to concentrate ¹⁷O further. Accordingly in this embodiment, oxygen gas D_(bot) is fed to the laser separation apparatus 2 when the concentration of ¹⁷O at the bottom of the distillation column 1 exceeds 40 atom %, so as to selectively decompose ¹⁷O₃ and obtain ¹⁷O-enriched oxygen P.

In this operation, a high concentration of ¹⁷O can be achieved very efficiently.

The operation was simulated on a computer by assuming the distillation column 1 as having the specifications shown in Table 3, the laser separation apparatus 4 as having the constitution shown in FIG. 7 and the specifications shown in Table 25, the laser separation apparatus 2 as having the specifications shown in Table 26, and the ultra-high purity oxygen F of the starting material as having the composition shown in Table 2. Flow rates of oxygen and the composition of isotopes in various points of the apparatus determined by the simulation are shown in Tables 23 and 24. It can be seen that P is enriched in ¹⁷O and W1 is enriched in ¹⁸O. The composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within the distillation column 1 is shown in FIG. 19.

TABLE 23 F W1 W2 D_(feed) W3 Flow rate [mol/s] 1.00e−3 2.28e−4 5.68e−4 2.05e−4 1.71e−4 Composition ¹⁶O₂ 5.88e−1 5.15e−1 6.37e−1 5.39e−1 6.91e−1 [mol %] ¹⁶O¹⁷O 1.76e−1 8.65e−2 1.56e−1 3.25e−1 2.68e−1 ¹⁶O¹⁸O 1.82e−1 3.19e−1 1.66e−1 6.59e−2 2.02e−2 ¹⁷O₂ 1.31e−2 3.63e−3 9.59e−3 4.89e−2 1.73e−2 ¹⁷O¹⁸O 2.72e−2 2.67e−2 2.03e−2 1.99e−2 2.92e−3 ¹⁸O₂ 1.41e−2 4.93e−2 1.08e−2 2.01e−3 1.58e−4 Purity of ¹⁶O 7.67e−1 7.18e−1 7.98e−1 7.34e−1 8.35e−1 isotope ¹⁷O 1.15e−1 6.02e−2 9.79e−2 2.21e−1 1.53e−3 [atom %] ¹⁸O 1.19e−1 2.22e−1 1.04e−1 4.49e−2 1.17e−1

TABLE 24 S_(in) S_(out) D_(bot) W4 P Flow rate [mol/s] 2.05e−4 2.05e−4 3.39e−5 2.45e−5 9.44e−6 Composition ¹⁶O₂ 2.75e−1 3.16e−1 1.63e−2 7.06e−2 1.30e−2 [mol %] ¹⁶O¹⁷O 5.04e−1 4.40e−3 2.24e−1 2.56e−1 1.77e−1 ¹⁶O¹⁸O 6.96e−2 5.21e−2 1.91e−1 1.34e−1 2.48e−2 ¹⁷O₂ 1.29e−1 1.54e−1 3.54e−1 2.33e−1 6.04e−1 ¹⁷O¹⁸O 2.11e−2 3.63e−2 1.97e−1 2.43e−1 1.69e−1 ¹⁸O₂ 1.04e−3 2.15e−3 1.81e−2 6.33e−2 1.19e−2 Purity of ¹⁶O 5.62e−1 5.62e−1 2.23e−1 2.66e−1 1.14e−1 isotope ¹⁷O 3.92e−1 3.92e−1 5.65e−3 4.83e−1 7.77e−1 [atom %] ¹⁸O 4.63e−2 4.63e−2 2.12e−1 2.52e−1 1.09e−1

TABLE 25 Flow rate Molar fraction LIS unit (TYPE B) [mol/s] O₂ O₃ Kr (1) LIS unit feed (O₂) 1.00E−03 1.00 — — (2) Inlet of ozonizer: O₂ processing 7.01E−03 1.00 — — capacity of ozonizer (3) Outlet of ozonizer 6.67E−03 0.90 0.10 — (4) O₃ separation column feed 1.27E−04 0.47 0.05 0.47 (5) O₃ separation column top = 6.01E−03 1.00 — — Waste O₂ gas (6) O₃ separation column bottom = 6.67E−03 — 0.10 0.90 LIS first-stage feed (O₃, Kr) (7) LIS outlet = O₂ separation 6.75E−03 0.03 0.08 0.89 column feed (O₂, O₃, Kr) (8) O₂ separation column top = 2.28E−04 1.00 — — LIS concentration O₂-1 (9) O₂ separation column bottom = 6.52E−03 — 0.08 0.92 LIS second-stage feed (O₃, Kr) (10) LIS outlet = O₂ separation 6.59E−03 0.03 0.06 0.91 column feed (O₂, O₃, Kr) (11) O₂ separation column top = 2.05E−04 1.00 — — LIS concentration O₂-2 (12) O₂ separation column bottom = 6.38E−03 — 0.06 0.94 Ozone separation apparatus inlet (O₃, Kr) (13) Ozone separation apparatus 6.57E−03 0.09 — 0.91 outlet = Kr recovery inlet (O₂, Kr) (14) Kr recovery outlet (Kr): 6.01E−03 — — 1.00 Circulating quantity of Kr (15) Kr recovery outlet (O₂): 5.68E−04 1.00 — — LIS depletion O₂ Ozonizer unit requirement (gO₃/kWh) 220 Ozonizer O₃ generating capacity (kgO₃/h) 1.15E−01 Ozonizer power consumption (kW) 5.24E−01 Target for laser separation (first-stage) ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁸O Decomposition ratio of the target 90% Laser output power (W) 9.15 Target for laser separation (second-stage) ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁷O Decomposition ratio of the target 90% Laser output power (W) 8.22

TABLE 26 Flow rate Molar fraction LIS unit (TYPE A) [mol/s] O₂ O₃ Kr (1) LIS unit feed (O₂) 3.39E−05 1.00 — — (2) Inlet of ozonizer: O₂ processing 2.38E−04 1.00 — — capacity of ozonizer (3) Outlet of ozonizer 2.26E−04 0.90 0.10 — (4) O₃ separation column feed 4.30E−04 0.47 0.05 0.47 (5) O₃ separation column top = 2.04E−04 1.00 — — Waste O₂ gas (6) O₃ separation column bottom = 2.26E−04 — 0.10 0.90 LIS first (O₃, Kr) (7) LIS outlet = O₂ separation 2.29E−04 0.04 0.07 0.89 column feed (O₂, O₃, Kr) (8) O₂ separation column top = 9.44E−06 1.00 — — LIS concentration O₂ (9) O₂ separation column bottom = 2.20E−04 — 0.07 0.93 Ozone separation apparatus inlet (O₃, Kr) (10) Ozone separation apparatus 2.28E−04 0.11 — 0.89 outlet = Kr recovery inlet (O₂, Kr) (11) Kr recovery outlet (Kr): 2.04E−04 — — 1.00 Circulating quantity of Kr (12) Kr recovery outlet (O₂): 2.45E−05 1.00 — — LIS depletion O₂ Ozonizer unit requirement (gO₃/kWh) 220 Ozonizer O₃ generating capacity (kgO₃/h) 3.91E−03 Ozonizer power consumption (kW) 1.78E−02 Target for laser separation (first-stage) ¹⁷O¹⁷O¹⁷O Decomposition ratio of the target 90% Laser output power (W) 0.380

NINTH EMBODIMENT

This embodiment is an advancement of the eighth embodiment as shown in FIG. 20, aimed at further improvements in the concentration and yield of ¹⁷O. Differences from the eighth embodiment are that, when ¹⁷O-enriched oxygen P is obtained by using the laser separation apparatus 2 a connected to the distillation column 1 at the bottom thereof, the waste gas R2 from the laser separation apparatus 2 a is returned to the distillation column 1 and ¹⁸O-enriched oxygen W4 is selectively separated by using the laser separation apparatus 2 b connected to the distillation column 1 at an intermediate point thereof.

This enables suppression of the concentration of ¹⁸O at the bottom of the distillation column 1, so that ¹⁷O of a further higher concentration is obtained.

The operation was simulated on a computer by assuming the distillation column 1 as having the specifications shown in Table 3, the laser separation apparatus 4 as having the specifications shown in Table 25, the laser separation apparatus 2 a as having the specifications shown in Table 30, the laser separation apparatus 2 b as having the specifications shown in Table 31 and the ultra-high purity oxygen F of the starting material as having the composition shown in Table 2. Flow rates of oxygen and the composition of isotopes in various points of the apparatus determined by the simulation are shown in Tables 27 to 29. It can be seen that P is enriched in ¹⁷O and W1 is enriched in ¹⁸O. The composition distribution of oxygen isotopes within the distillation column 1 is shown in FIG. 21.

TABLE 27 F W1 W2 D_(feed) W3 Flow rate [mol/s] 1.00e−3 2.28e−4 5.68e−4 2.05e−4 5.39e−5 Composition ¹⁶O₂ 5.88e−1 5.15e−1 6.37e−1 5.39e−1 8.00e−1 [mol %] ¹⁶O¹⁷O 1.76e−1 8.65e−2 1.56e−1 3.25e−1 1.85e−1 ¹⁶O¹⁸O 1.82e−1 3.19e−1 1.66e−1 6.59e−2 4.43e−3 ¹⁷O₂ 1.31e−2 3.63e−3 9.59e−3 4.89e−2 9.96e−3 ¹⁷O¹⁸O 2.72e−2 2.67e−2 2.03e−2 1.99e−2 4.74e−4 ¹⁸O₂ 1.41e−2 4.93e−2 1.08e−2 2.01e−3 1.60e−5 Purity of ¹⁶O 7.67e−1 7.18e−1 7.98e−1 7.34e−1 8.95e−1 isotope ¹⁷O 1.15e−1 6.02e−2 9.79e−2 2.21e−1 1.03e−1 [atom %] ¹⁸O 1.19e−1 2.22e−1 1.04e−1 4.49e−2 2.46e−3

TABLE 28 D_(cut) R1 W4 S_(in) Flow rate [mol/s] 8.21e−3 8.07e−3 1.44e−4 2.05e−4 Composition ¹⁶O₂ 5.40e−1 5.41e−1 4.98e−1 2.52e−1 [mol %] ¹⁶O¹⁷O 3.85e−1 3.86e−1 3.31e−1 5.00e−1 ¹⁶O¹⁸O 4.65e−3 3.14e−3 8.47e−2 1.40e−2 ¹⁷O₂ 6.81e−2 6.87e−2 5.49e−2 2.24e−1 ¹⁷O¹⁸O 1.55e−3 1.12e−3 2.81e−2 9.72e−3 ¹⁸O₂ 5.06e−5 4.56e−6 3.60e−3 1.67e−4 Purity of ¹⁶O 7.35e−1 7.36e−1 7.06e−1 5.09e−1 isotope ¹⁷O 2.62e−1 2.62e−1 2.34e−1 4.79e−1 [atom %] ¹⁸O 3.15e−3 2.14e−3 6.00e−2 1.20e−2

TABLE 29 S_(out) D_(bot) R2 P Flow rate [mol/s] 2.05e−4 1.28e−5 5.96e−6 6.87e−6 Composition ¹⁶O₂ 2.59e−1 1.42e−2 4.15e−2 4.25e−3 [mol %] ¹⁶O¹⁷O 4.88e−1 1.91e−1 2.47e−1 1.14e−1 ¹⁶O¹⁸O 1.22e−2 3.96e−2 7.71e−2 7.92e−3 ¹⁷O₂ 2.29e−1 5.73e−1 3.69e−1 7.64e−1 ¹⁷O¹⁸O 1.15e−2 1.64e−1 2.30e−1 1.06e−1 ¹⁸O₂ 1.44e−4 1.88e−2 3.58e−2 3.69e−3 Purity of ¹⁶O 5.09e−1 1.30e−1 2.04e−1 6.52e−2 isotope ¹⁷O 4.79e−1 7.50e−1 6.07e−1 8.74e−1 [atom %] ¹⁸O 1.20e−2 1.20e−1 1.89e−2 6.08e−2

TABLE 30 Flow rate Molar fraction LIS unit (TYPE A) [mol/s] O₂ O₃ Kr (1) LIS unit feed (O₂) 8.21E−03 1.00 — — (2) Inlet of ozonizer: O₂ processing 5.75E−02 1.00 — — capacity of ozonizer (3) Outlet of ozonizer 5.48E−02 0.90 0.10 — (4) O₃ separation column feed 1.04E−01 0.47 0.05 0.47 (5) O₃ separation column top = 4.93E−02 1.00 — — Waste O₂ gas (6) O₃ separation column bottom = 5.48E−02 — 0.10 0.90 LIS feed (O₃, Kr) (7) LIS outlet = O₂ separation 5.48E−02 0.00 0.10 0.90 column feed (O₂, O₃, Kr) (8) O₂ separation column top = 1.44E−04 1.00 — — LIS concentration O₂ (9) O₂ separation column bottom = 5.47E−02 — 0.10 0.90 Ozone separation apparatus inlet (O₃, Kr) (10) Ozone separation apparatus 5.74E−02 0.14 — 0.86 outlet = Kr recovery inlet (O₂, Kr) (11) Kr recovery outlet (Kr): 4.93E−02 — — 1.00 Circulating quantity of Kr (12) Kr recovery outlet (O₂): 8.07E−03 1.00 — — LIS depletion O₂ Ozonizer unit requirement (gO₃/kWh) 220 Ozonizer O₃ generating capacity (kgO₃/h) 9.46E−01 Ozonizer power consumption (kW) 4.30E+00 Target for laser separation (first-stage) ¹⁶O¹⁶O¹⁸O Decomposition ratio of the target 90% Laser output power (W) 5.79

TABLE 31 Flow rate Molar fraction LIS unit (TYPE A) [mol/s] O₂ O₃ Kr (1) LIS unit feed (O₂) 1.28E−05 1.00 — — (2) Inlet of ozonizer: O₂ processing 8.98E−05 1.00 — — capacity of ozonizer (3) Outlet of ozonizer 8.55E−05 0.90 0.10 — (4) O₃ separation column feed 1.63E−04 0.47 0.05 0.47 (5) O₃ separation column top = 7.70E−05 1.00 — — Waste O₂ gas (6) O₃ separation column bottom = 8.55E−05 — 0.10 0.90 LIS feed (O₃, Kr) (7) LIS outlet = O₂ separation 8.78E−05 0.08 0.05 0.88 column feed (O₂, O₃, Kr) (8) O₂ separation column top = 6.87E−06 1.00 — — LIS concentration O₂ (9) O₂ separation column bottom = 8.10E−05 — 0.05 0.95 Ozone separation apparatus inlet (O₃, Kr) (10) Ozone separation apparatus 8.29E−05 0.07 — 0.93 outlet = Kr recovery inlet (O₂, Kr) (11) Kr recovery outlet (Kr): 7.70E−05 — — 1.00 Circulating quantity of Kr (12) Kr recovery outlet (O₂): 5.96E−06 1.00 — — LIS depletion O₂ Ozonizer unit requirement (gO₃/kWh) 220 Ozonizer O₃ generating capacity (kgO₃/h) 1.48E−03 Ozonizer power consumption (kW) 6.72E−03 Target for laser separation (first-stage) ¹⁷O¹⁷O¹⁷O Decomposition ratio of the target 90% Laser output power (W) 0.275

EXAMPLES Example 1

The operation of concentrating ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O was simulated under the conditions of the first embodiment, and it was found that oxygen gas including 9.1 atom % of ¹⁷O and oxygen gas including 25.2 atom % of ¹⁸O could be obtained with a yield of 5.8% for ¹⁷O and 69.8% for ¹⁸O.

Yield of ¹⁷O, for example, in Example 1 was determined by the following equation using the values given in Table 5.

Yield[%]=((Flow rate)_(P)×(Purity of isotope)¹⁷O_(P))/((Flow rate)_(F)×(Purity of isotope)¹⁷O_(F))×100

The yield of ¹⁸O was also determined by a similar equation.

Example 2

The operation of concentrating ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O was simulated under the conditions of the second embodiment, and it was found that oxygen gas including 10.3 atom % of ¹⁷O and oxygen gas including 25.2 atom % of ¹⁸O could be obtained with a yield of 7.8% for ¹⁷O and 73.1% for ¹⁸O, both higher than those of Example 1.

Example 3

The operation of concentrating ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O was simulated under the conditions of the third embodiment, and it was found that oxygen gas including 9.7 atom % of ¹⁷O could be obtained, with a yield of 14.1% for ¹⁷O, higher than that of Example 1. While the yield of ¹⁸O was 69.8%, comparable to that of Example 1, purity of isotope ¹⁸O was 29.2 atom %, indicating that oxygen gas including ¹⁸O of higher purity than that of Example 1 can be obtained.

Example 4

The operation of concentrating ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O was simulated under the conditions of the fourth embodiment, and it was found that oxygen gas including 10.8 atom % of ¹⁷O and oxygen gas including 29.0 atom % of ¹⁸O could be obtained. The yield of ¹⁷O was 11.8%, higher than that of Example 1. The yield of ¹⁸O was 70.9%.

Example 5

The operation of concentrating ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O was simulated under the conditions of the fifth embodiment, and it was found that oxygen gas including 11.5 atom % of ¹⁷O and oxygen gas including 28.9 atom % of ¹⁸O could be obtained with a yield of 14.0% for 17O and 72.8% for ¹⁸O.

Example 6

The operation of concentrating ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O was simulated under the conditions of the eighth embodiment, and it was found that oxygen gas including 77.7 atom % of ¹⁷O and oxygen gas including 22.2 atom % of ¹⁸O could be obtained.

Example 7

The operation of concentrating ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O was simulated under the conditions of the ninth embodiment, and it was found that oxygen gas including 87.4 atom % of ¹⁷O and oxygen gas including 22.2 atom % of ¹⁸O could be obtained.

It was verified that the method of the present invention is capable of efficiently concentrating stable oxygen isotopes ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O that have extremely low abundance to high concentrations. Also it was verified that, because this method can carry out concentration with a shorter startup time than in the prior art, ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O of high concentration can be obtained on an industrial scale at a low cost.

Moreover, heavy oxygen water enriched in ¹⁷O or ¹⁸O can be obtained at a low cost on an industrial scale, by using ¹⁷O-enriched oxygen or ¹⁸O-enriched oxygen obtained by the method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes of the present invention.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The present invention, that is capable of providing ¹⁷O-enriched or ¹⁸O-enriched oxygen at a low cost on an industrial scale, is valuable in chemical and medical fields where compounds labeled with ¹⁷O or ¹⁸O are used as a tracer. 

1. A method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes, comprising: concentrating the oxygen isotope through distillation of oxygen; and concentrating oxygen isotope ¹⁷O through photodissociation of ozone.
 2. The method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes according to claim 1, further comprising carrying out isotope scrambling.
 3. The method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes according to claim 1, further comprising depleting oxygen isotope ¹⁸O through photodissociation of ozone.
 4. The method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes according to claim 3, comprising carrying out isotope scrambling.
 5. The method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes according to claim 1, wherein at least one step of concentrating the oxygen isotope through distillation of oxygen; and concentrating oxygen isotope ¹⁷O through photodissociation of ozone is carried out twice or more.
 6. The method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes according to claim 2, wherein at least one step of concentrating the oxygen isotope through distillation of oxygen; concentrating oxygen isotope ¹⁷O through photodissociation of ozone; and carrying out isotope scrambling is carried out twice or more.
 7. The method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes according to claim 2, wherein at least one step of concentrating the oxygen isotope through distillation of oxygen; concentrating oxygen isotope ¹⁷O through photodissociation of ozone; and depleting oxygen isotope ¹⁸O through photodissociation of ozone is carried out twice or more.
 8. The method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes according to claim 2, wherein at least one step of concentrating the oxygen isotope through distillation of oxygen; concentrating oxygen isotope ¹⁷O through photodissociation of ozone; depleting oxygen isotope ¹⁸O through photodissociation of ozone; and carrying out isotope scrambling is carried out twice or more.
 9. The method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes according to claim 3, wherein the step of depleting oxygen isotope ¹⁸O is carried out first followed by the step of concentrating oxygen isotope ¹⁷O.
 10. The method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes according to claim 3, wherein the step of concentrating oxygen isotope ¹⁷O is carried out first followed by the step of depleting oxygen isotope ¹⁸O.
 11. A method of manufacturing heavy oxygen water, comprising: adding hydrogen to ¹⁷O-enriched oxygen and/or ¹⁸O-enriched oxygen obtained by the method for concentrating an oxygen isotope or isotopes according to claim 1 so as to obtain water in which the oxygen isotope ¹⁷O and/or oxygen isotope ¹⁸O are concentrated to a 1 atom % or higher concentration. 